Of Myth and the Bible – Part 1: The Lie of Modern History
Whenever I consider that I have something important to say about faith, imagination, and/or apologetics, I usually discover that C.S. Lewis has already said it long before I could, and he has said it better than I will. True to form, the title of myย book Myth Became Fact, is actually the title of a famous essay by the late Lewis that describes the heart of Christianity as a myth that is also a fact. He comforts the fearful modernist Christian whose faith in the Bible as a book of doctrine and abstract propositions is suddenly upset by the frightful reality of the interaction of holy writ with legend, pagan parallels, and mythology.
Rather than deny the ancient mythopoeic nature of Godโs Word as modern Evangelicals tend to do, Lewis embraced it as a reflection of Godโs preferred choice of concrete communication over abstraction (the worshipped discourse of the modernist). He understood myth to be the truth embedded into the creation by the Creator in such a way that even pagans would reflect some elements of that truth. Thus, when God Himself incarnates truth into history in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, it is no surprise that it takes on mythopoeic dimensions reflected in previous pagan notions of dying and rising gods.
He concludes his essay with these memorable words:
We must not be ashamed of the mythical radiance resting on our theology. We must not be nervous about โparallelsโ and โpagan Christsโ โ they ought to be there โ it would be a stumbling block if they werenโt. We must not, in false spirituality, withhold our imaginative welcome. If God chooses to be mythopoeic โ and is not the sky itself a myth โ shall we refuse to be mythopathic? For this is the marriage of heaven and earth: perfect myth and perfect fact: claiming not only our love and our obedience, but also our wonder and delight, addressed to the savage, the child, and the poet in each one of us no less than to the moralist, the scholar, and the philosopher.[1]
Now, any Christian postย that uses the word โmythโ in its title and attempts to address this concept in a Biblical context had better define some terms, because a common reaction of many Christians is often one of mistrust. In their minds, โmythโ means โfalse,โ and since the Word of God can never be false, the category of myth is anathema in relation to the Bible.
But this is not an accurate assessment of the varied understandings of myth. Because of a modernist bias of anti-supernaturalism, some scholars define myth as โa necessary and universal form of expression within the early stage of manโs intellectual development, in which unexplainable events were attributed to the direct intervention of the gods.โ[2] In some critical and liberal quarters of theology, this connotation has stuck to the meaning of myth and certainly warrants critique in light of its prejudicial definition that assumes a materialist universe without supernatural agents.
But a more specific and recent definition of myth is appropriate to our discussion. In this sense, myths are, as Northrop Frye has explained, โstories that tell a society what is important for it to know, whether about its gods, its history, its laws, or its structures.โ[3] In this sense, mythical stories, whether historically factual or fictional, do the same thing; they reveal true transcendent meaning. By this definition, calling the Bible mythical in some of its characteristics or imagery is not to jeopardize its historical claims. In fact, the Bible often claims to reveal the unseen transcendent meaning and purposes behind imminent historical events. Thus, Lewisโ phrase, โmyth became fact.โ
The problem comes when Christians seek to protect the Bibleโs reliability by demanding it be โhistoricalโ or โfactually accurateโ according to modern definitions of history writing and factual reporting or observation. They conclude that if the Bible is not accurate according to the โplain readingโ of the text, then it cannot be relied upon to be truthful about the more important issues of God and salvation.
Let the reader be careful to note that I did not deny the historicity of the Bible, but I did make a distinction between our modern notion of what constitutes historical writing (historiography) and the ancientโs notion of what constituted historical writing. For us to demand that the Biblical text be scientifically or historically โaccurateโ as we define those terms is not a high view of Scripture, it is a low view of Scripture. It is in fact imposing our own prejudices upon the text by refusing to understand it within its context. This is called cultural imperialism and it is the height of hubris, or human pride.
One example of this kind of modern hubris in defining history can be found in the notion of genealogies. In the Bible, genealogies are often used as apologetic tools to prove chosen lineage. The modern notion of historical precision and chronological accuracy is not always a part of the Biblical understanding of genealogy that prioritizes theological truth over historical veracity. The genealogical formula of Genesis, โX is the son of Yโ that once was interpreted as the โplain readingโ of literal sons is now universally acknowledged to involve historical gaps which renders the term โson ofโ as often figurative and not literal. โX is the son of Yโ often means, โX is a descendent of Y.โ This is not liberal denigration of the Bible, it is the Bibleโs own context of meaning when it comes to genealogies.
The most important genealogy to Christians is of course that of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and โSon of David.โ In Matthew chapter 1, Matthew details Christโs genealogy and concludes, โSo all the generations from Abraham to David were fourteen generations, and from David to the deportation to Babylon fourteen generations, and from the deportation to Babylon to the Christ fourteen generationsโ (1:17). So Matthew uses Christโs genealogy as an apologetic by exegeting the symbolic number of 14 as being historically symmetrical in the lineage. Thereโs only one problem: Itโs not “historically accurate” โ at least by our definition of history. And it is the Bible itself that proves this, not liberal theology.
As Bible commentator Craig Blomberg explains,
The actual number of generations in the three parts to the genealogy are thirteen, fourteen, and thirteen, respectivelyโฆ When one compares the genealogy with Lukeโs account (Luke 3:23โ37) and with various Old Testament narratives, it is clear that Matthew has omitted several names to achieve this literary symmetry.[4]
As Blomberg hints at, Luke’sย generations that match up with those Mattheanย segments are even more off the 14/14/14 mark. His are 14/21/21!
Hyper-literalists beware: the Bible itself shows us that Biblical genealogies are not always historically accurate by our modern definitions of history (which actually operate upon false naturalistic presuppositions and false notions of objectivity). They are first and foremost theological in their interpretation and only secondarily are they historical. I call this the difference between literal and literary. Genealogies are often more literary than literal.
So to suggest that the way the Bible treats history sometimes includes figurative or mythopoeic dimensions that are not โhistorically accurateโ or precise by our reckoning is not liberal subterfuge but Biblical fidelity. I will show later that their historical writing also involved subversion of pagan imagination. It is an unbiblical and humanistic belief to assume that the understanding of the Bibleโs approach to historical writing matches our understanding of naturalistic historical writing. I show in Myth Became Factย that there are quite a few more elements of mythopoeic writing that God uses that may make the modern Christian uncomfortable, but are clearly Biblical.
I will explore some of those examples of redeemed pagan imagination in future posts.
[1] C.S. Lewis, God in the Dock, (Fount Publishing, 1998, 1970), 67.
[2] Brevard S. Childs, A Study of Myth in Genesis 1-11, (Dissertation, zur Erlangung der Doktorwurde der Theologischen Fakultat der Universitat Basel, 1955), 1-2.
[3] Robert A. Armour, Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt (Cairo, Egypt and New York, NY: The American University in Cairo Press, 2001), 2.
[4] Craig Blomberg, vol. 22, Matthew, The New American Commentary, 53 (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1992).
